Electric and magnetic fields, collectively known as electromagnetic fields (EMFs), are intangible regions of energy, or radiation, generated by the flow of electricity through wires. An electric field arises from voltage, which applies pressure to propel electrons through the wire, akin to water flowing through a pipe. As voltage increases, so does the strength of the electric field, measured in volts per meter (V/m). Conversely, a magnetic field arises from the movement of current through wires or electrical devices, intensifying with higher current flow. The strength of a magnetic field diminishes swiftly with distance from its source, quantified in microteslas (μT). Electric fields persist whether a device is active or not, while magnetic fields only emerge when current flows, typically requiring a device to be switched on. Power lines continually emit magnetic fields due to constant current flow. Electric fields can be easily obstructed or diminished by barriers and objects, while magnetic fields can penetrate buildings, living organisms, and most materials.
EMFs encompass both electric and magnetic forces brought about by electromagnetic radiation. They fall into two primary categories:
Higher-frequency EMFs, encompassing x-rays and gamma rays, are ionizing radiation within the electromagnetic spectrum. They can directly harm DNA or cells.
Low- to mid-frequency EMFs, encompassing static fields, magnetic fields from electric power sources and devices, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, and visible light, belong to the non-ionizing radiation part of the spectrum. They are not known to directly harm DNA or cells. This category includes extremely low frequency EMFs (ELF-EMFs) with frequencies up to 300 hertz (Hz) and radiofrequency EMFs ranging from 3 kilohertz (3 kHz) to 300 gigahertz (300 GHz). Radiofrequency radiation is quantified in watts per meter squared (W/m2).

EMFs, or Electromagnetic Fields, can originate from both natural sources and human-made devices. Here are common sources of EMFs:

1. Natural Sources:
   • Earth’s Magnetic Field: The Earth itself generates a low-frequency magnetic field, which serves as a natural compass for many animals.
   • Solar Radiation: The sun emits a wide range of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, ultraviolet rays, and other forms of radiation.
2. Man-Made Sources:
   • Power Lines and Electrical Wiring: These produce low-frequency EMFs. Power lines that carry electricity to homes and businesses generate magnetic fields.
   • Household Appliances Devices like refrigerators, microwaves, and televisions emit low-frequency EMFs.
   • Wireless Communication Devices: Cell phones, Wi-Fi routers, Bluetooth devices, and other wireless technologies produce radiofrequency (RF) EMFs.
   • Medical Equipment: MRI machines, X-ray machines, and other medical devices generate varying levels of electromagnetic fields.
   • Power Transformers: Large transformers in substations and power stations produce strong magnetic fields.
   • Electronic Devices: Laptops, computers, and tablets emit EMFs due to their electronic components and wireless capabilities.
   • Microwave Ovens: These devices generate high-frequency EMFs for cooking food.
   • Electrical Grid Infrastructure: This includes transformers, generators, and other equipment used in the generation and distribution of electricity.
   • Telecommunication Towers: These emit RF EMFs for wireless communication.

Non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can arise from both natural phenomena and human made sources. An example of a naturally occurring EMF is the Earth’s magnetic field, which guides compass needles toward the North. Human-generated EMFs can be categorized into extremely low frequency (ELF) and radiofrequency (RF) bands within the non-ionizing spectrum. They emanate from various origins:

1. Extremely Low Frequency EMFs (ELF-EMFs):
   • Earth’s Magnetic Field: Power lines, electrical wiring, and household appliances like shavers, hair dryers, and electric blankets are common sources of ELF-EMFs.
2. Radiofrequency Radiation: The predominant sources of radiofrequency radiation are wireless communication devices and equipment such as cell phones, smart meters, and portable wireless gadgets like tablets and laptops. In the United States, cell phones typically operate within the 1.8 to 2.2 GHz range.
   Other sources of radiofrequency radiation include:
• Radio and television signals, with AM/FM radios and older VHF/UHF televisions working at lower frequencies than cell phones. AM signals cover great distances, while FM signals cater to localized areas.
• Radar installations, satellite stations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, and industrial machinery operate at slightly higher frequencies than cell phones.
• Microwave ovens used in households also function at slightly higher frequencies than cell phones, but they are constructed with effective shielding to minimize radiation leakage.
• Cordless telephones, which employ either analogue or DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) technology, emit radiofrequencies similar to cell phones but at lower strengths due to their limited range.
• Cell phone base stations, including those for mobile networks and radio/television broadcasting, emit various types of radiofrequency energy. The intensity of exposure depends on factors like population density, distance from the source, and time of day or week.

Generally, exposure diminishes with greater distance from the source. Maintenance workers’ exposures vary based on tasks, antenna types, and proximity to the source. Estimating cumulative exposures for such workers is challenging.


3. Television and Computer Screens:
   • These produce electric and magnetic fields at various frequencies, along with static electric fields. Modern liquid crystal displays in laptops and desktop computers do not generate significant electric or magnetic fields. Contemporary computers have conductive screens that reduce static field levels.
4. Wireless Local Area Networks (Wi-Fi):
   • Wi-Fi networks, which facilitate wireless connectivity, are becoming more prevalent sources of radiofrequency radiation. Most Wi-Fi devices operate at frequencies akin to cell phones, usually in the 2.4 to 2.5 GHz range. In recent years, devices operating at slightly higher frequencies (5, 5.3, or 5.8 GHz) have emerged. However, the exposure to radiofrequency radiation from Wi-Fi devices is considerably lower than that from cell phones.
5. Digital Electric and Gas Meters (“Smart Meters”):
   • Smart meters, operating at roughly the same radiofrequencies as cell phones, transmit consumption information to utility companies. They produce very lowlevel fields that may blend with the background radiofrequency radiation in a home.

For household appliances and devices, magnetic field strength is highest near the source and rapidly decreases with distance. At approximately one foot away, magnetic fields drop significantly. For computer screens, positioned 12–20 inches from users, magnetic fields are similarly substantially reduced.

Numerous epidemiological studies and comprehensive literature reviews have scrutinized potential associations between exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and the risk of cancer in children (13–15). (Studies typically focus on the magnetic field component of non-ionizing EMFs concerning potential health effects.) Most research has concentrated on leukemia and brain tumors, the most prevalent cancers in children. Investigations have explored connections between these cancers and residing near power lines, magnetic fields within homes, and parental exposure to elevated workplace magnetic fields. However, consistent evidence linking any non-ionizing EMF source to cancer remains elusive.

1. Exposure from Power Lines: While an early study in 1979 suggested a possible link between proximity to electric power lines and childhood leukemia (16), recent studies have produced mixed results (17–25). The majority of these studies either found no association or identified a connection only for children residing in homes with exceptionally high magnetic field levels, which are rare.
   • Pooled analyses and meta-analyses of multiple studies on power line exposure and childhood leukemia showed varied results. They reported increased risks, but the number of highly exposed children was too small to establish a stable doseresponse relationship.
2. Exposure from Electrical Appliances: Children may also encounter magnetic fields from household electrical appliances. Although magnetic fields near many appliances can be higher than those near power lines, they contribute less to total exposure because most are used for short durations. Moving even a short distance from most appliances substantially reduces exposure. Again, studies have not yielded consistent evidence linking household electrical appliance use to childhood leukemia risk (29).
3. Exposure to Wi-Fi: Given the widespread use of Wi-Fi in schools, extensive studies by the UK Health Protection Agency assessed children’s exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from wireless computer networks. They concluded that exposures were well below recommended maximum levels, affirming the continued safe use of Wi-Fi in schools and other settings.
   • A review of published literature also found that high-quality studies to date do not provide evidence of biological effects from Wi-Fi exposures.
4. Exposure from Cell Phone Base Stations:
   • Few studies have explored cancer risk in children living near cell phone base stations or radio/TV transmitters. None of the studies estimating individual exposures found an elevated risk of pediatric tumors.
5. Parental Exposure and Offspring Risk:
   • Studies examining potential associations between high levels of magnetic field exposure in parents before conception and/or during pregnancy and the subsequent cancer risk in their children have yielded inconsistent results.
6. Exposure and Cancer Survival:
   • A limited number of studies have investigated whether magnetic field exposure influences the prognosis or survival of children with leukemia. Results from small retrospective studies have been inconclusive. A comprehensive analysis combining data from over 3,000 children with acute lymphoid leukemia showed that ELF magnetic field exposure was not linked to survival or relapse risk.

Children may be considered potentially more vulnerable to the effects of EMFs for several reasons:

1. Body Size: Children are smaller in size than adults, which means that EMF radiation may penetrate a larger portion of their bodies compared to adults. This can result in higher absorption rates.
2. Developmental Stage: Children’s bodies and brains are still developing, and their cells may be more sensitive to the effects of EMFs. Rapid cell division and growth could potentially make them more susceptible.
3. Lifetime Exposure:Children today are exposed to EMFs from a very young age, and this exposure may continue throughout their lifetime. Cumulative exposure over time could potentially have different effects compared to exposure that begins in adulthood.
4. Behavioral Factors: Children often use electronic devices like cell phones and tablets more frequently and for longer durations than adults. This extended and close-range exposure may increase their overall EMF exposure levels.
5. Limited Regulation: Regulatory standards for EMF exposure often consider adult populations, and there may be limited specific guidelines for children. As a result, children may not have the same level of protection in existing standards.

Here are some precautions and life changes you may find useful if you have specific concerns or if you want to take precautionary measures, you may consider:

1. Limit Screen Time: Minimize your use of electronic devices, especially those that emit higher levels of EMFs like cell phones and laptops.
2. Maintain a Safe Distance: Keep a reasonable distance between yourself and electronic devices. For example, use speakerphone or a wired headset for calls instead of holding your phone close to your body.
3. Avoid Sleeping Near Electronic Devices: Keep cell phones, tablets, and other electronic devices away from your bed to reduce potential exposure during sleep.
4. Opt for Wired Connections: When possible, use wired connections instead of Wi-Fi. This includes using wired Ethernet connections for internet access.
5. Consider EMF Shielding Products: Some individuals choose to use shielding materials or devices designed to reduce EMF exposure.
6. Turn off wireless modem before bed: Double Checking first that your wireless modem is not connected with your alarm system, levels of Emf significantly reduce through out the home while modem is turned off.
7. Turn off all devices: It is good practice before sleeping to turn off all electronic devices , tablets, phones, laptops, etc .

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) website has information about EMFs and cancer.
The US Environmental Protection Agency website has information on power lines and other sources of EMF.
The European Commission also has general information on EMF.
The World Health Organization website also has information on EMF.